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FIXED FACTOR OF PRODUCTION: An input whose quantity cannot be changed in the time period under consideration. This usually goes by the shorter term fixed input and should be immediately compared and contrasted with variable factor of production, which goes by the shorter term variable input. The most common example of a fixed factor of production is capital. A fixed factor of production provides the "capacity" constraint for the short-run production of a firm. As larger quantities of a variable factor of production, like labor, are added to a fixed factor of production like capital, the variable input becomes less productive. This is, by the way, the law of diminishing marginal returns. For more detailed discussion, take a look at the shorter, more commonly used alias of fixed factor of production, which is fixed input.
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                           ENDPOINT ELASTICITY FORMULA: A simple technique for calculating the coefficient of elasticity by estimating the elasticity for discrete changes in two variables using the initial values of each. The distinguishing characteristic of this formula is that percentage changes are calculated based on the initial values of each variable. An alternative technique is the midpoint elasticity formula. The endpoint elasticity formula is a simple, first-approximation, method of calculating elasticity, especially the price elasticity of demand, price elasticity of supply, income elasticity of demand, and cross elasticity and demand. This formula is most often used at the introductory level of economic instruction.The FormulaThe endpoint elasticity formula for calculating the response of changes in B to changes in A is given as:endpoint
elasticity | = | (B2 - B1)
B1 | ÷ | (A2 - A1)
A1 |
The first term on the right-hand side of the equation is the percentage change in variable B. The second term is the percentage change in variable A. The individual items are interpreted as this: A1 is the initial value of A before any changes, A2 is the ending value after A changes, B1 is the initial value of B before any changes, and B2 is the ending value after B changes.The numerator of each term on the right-hand side of the equation [(A2 - A1) and (B2 - B1)] is the discrete change in A and B, respectively. The denominator of each term, A1 and B1, is the base value from which the percentage change is calculated. An Simple Example| A Standard Demand Curve |  |
The time has come for a numerical example to illustrate. The demand curve to the right should help. Suppose the demand price of Wacky Willy Stuffed Amigos (those cute and cuddly armadillos and tarantulas) INCREASES from $10 to $12. This price increase causes the quantity demanded to decrease from 5 to 4 Stuffed Amigos. Using the endpoint elasticity formula, the price increases by 20 percent, a $2 increase from a $10 initial price. This method also results in a 20 percent decrease in the quantity demanded, a decline of 1 Stuffed Amigo from an initial value of 5. This seems relatively simple and straightforward. The price elasticity of demand using the endpoints elasticity formula is thus equal to 1.Or is it? An Endpoint ProblemThe problem with the endpoints elasticity formula for demand elasticity is that the coefficient of elasticity depends on whether price increases or decreases. This is demonstrated by asking the question: What is the coefficient of elasticity for this same range of the demand curve, if the price DECREASES from $12 to $10 causing the quantity demanded to increase from 4 to 5? In this case, the change in price is 16.7 percent, a $2 decrease from a $12 initial price, and the change in quantity is 25, an increase of 1 Stuffed Amigo from an initial value of 4. This results in a coefficient of elasticity of 1.5.Over the same segment of the demand curve, a price INCREASE indicates a different coefficient of elasticity than does a price DECREASE. This can become confusing. This problem is prevented by using an alternative method of calculating the coefficient of elasticity, the midpoint elasticity formula. This alternative uses the average of the beginning and ending values of each variable (that is, the midpoint) as the base value for calculating percentage changes. If the discrete changes are relatively small, then the two methods are approximately the same.
Recommended Citation:ENDPOINT ELASTICITY FORMULA, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2024. [Accessed: April 27, 2024].
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time going from convenience store to convenience store seeking to buy either a replacement remote control for your television or a replacement nozzle for your shower. Be on the lookout for fairy dust that tastes like salt.
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